Application of Radar Reflectivity Factor in Initializing Cloud-Resolving Mesoscale Model. Part Ⅱ: Numerical Simulation Experiments

Microphysics elements and vertical velocity retrieved were incorporated using the nudging method into the initial data assimilation of GRAPES (Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System) model.Simulation experiments indicated that nudging technique was effective in forcing the model forecast gradually consistent to the observations, yielding the thermodynamically and dynamically balanced analysis field. As viewed from the simulation results, water vapor is vital to precipitation, and it is a governing factor for the amount and duration of precipitation. The initial cloud water, rain water, and vertical velocity determine the strength distribution of convection and precipitation at the beginning time of forecast; the horizontal wind field steers the motion of the mesoscale weather system embedded in and impacts the position of precipitation zone to a large extent. The simulation experiments show that the influence of the initial retrieval data on prediction weakens with the increase of forecast time, and within the first hour of forecast, the retrieval data have an important impact on the evolution of the weather system, but its influence becomes trivial after the first three hours. Changing the nudging coefficient and the integral time-spacing of numerical model will bring some influences to the results. Herein only one radar reflectivity was used, the radar observations did not cover the whole model domain, and some empirical parameters were used in the retrieval method, therefore some differences still lie between simulation and observation to a certain extent, and further studies on several aspects are expected.     

Sensitivity of the Simulated Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation to Cumulus Parameterizations

The sensitivity of the simulated tropical intraseasonal oscillation or MJO (Madden and Julian oscilla tion)to different cumulus parameterizations is studied by using an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM)-SAMIL(Spectral Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG).Results show that performance of the model in simulating the MJO alters widely when using two different cumulus parameterization schemes-the moist convective adjustment scheme(MCA)and the Zhang-McFarlane(ZM)scheme.MJO simulated by the MCA scheme was found to be more realistic than that simulated by the ZM scheme.MJO produced by the ZM scheme is too weak and shows little propagation characteristics.Weak moisture convergence at low levels simulated by the ZM scheme is not enough to maintain the structure and the eastward propagation of the oscillation.These two cumulus schemes produced different vertical structures of the heating profile.The heating profile produced by the ZM scheme is nearly uniform with height and the heating is too weak compared to that produced by the MCA,which maybe contributes greatly to the failure of simulating a reasonable MJO.Comparing the simulated MJO by these two schemes indicate that the MJO simulated by the GCM is highly sensitive to cumulus parameterizations implanted in.The diabatic heating profile plays an important role in the performance of the GCM.Three sensitivity experiments with different heating profiles are designed in which modified heating profiles peak respectively in the upper troposphere(UH), middle troposphere(MH),and lower troposphere(LH).Both the LH run and the MH run produce eastward propagating signals on the intraseasonal timescale,while it is interesting that the intraseasonal timescale signals produced by the UH run propagate westward.It indicates that a realistic intraseasonal oscillation is more prone to be excited when the maximum heating concentrates in the middle-low levels,especially in the middle levels,while westward propagating disturbances axe more prone to be produced when the maximum heating appears very high.     

华北回流天气多普勒雷达径向速度分布特征

使用多普勒雷达资料对四次华北回流天气过程进行了分析,结果表明:(1)回波具有较大水平范围的、连绵成片的均匀幕状特征.回波顶较平整,回流降雨过程中还存在零度层亮带.属层状云降水回波.(2)速度图上,在零速度线两侧常分布范围较大数值不等的正负径向速度中心,低空零速度线呈"S"型,风随高度顺时针旋转,有暖平流存在.在强降水时段出现前常伴有区域性的冷平流层.(3)风廓线图上,从低层到高层由东北风转为西南风,风向发生了近180度的顺时针旋转,存在强垂直切变.降水开始与结束时分别表现为低层偏东风与中高层西南气流叠加、低层偏东风与中高层西南气流任何一者消失.边界层顶部出现浅薄的冷平流层是降水强度加强的信号.     

京津塘高速公路雾气候特征与气象条件分析

利用1954-2002年的北京、天津和塘沽3站的雾日、雾发生时间以及气象观测资料,对京津塘高速公路沿线雾的气候特征以及气象条件进行了分析.结果发现,京津塘沿线多年平均雾日在15～19天.北京、天津两站的雾日年际变化一致.但在多年雾日变化上北京雾日数略呈逐年下降趋势,而天津、塘沽则略呈上升趋势.京津塘公路沿线雾多在凌晨到日出前后生成,在日出后逐渐消失.雾持续时间随时间变化呈指数递减.地面温度、相对湿度、风速等气象要素对京津塘高速公路沿线雾的预报具有较好的指示意义.地面温度在-5～5℃范围内、风速在0～4m·s-1和相对湿度在90%～100%范围里,雾极易发生.     

暴雨的多普勒天气雷达速度辐合风场特征

多普勒天气雷达探测大范围强降水时,其多普勒速度回波特征既不同于单纯的暖(冷)平流的特征(S或反S形)也不同于纯粹的大尺度辐合(散)运动特征(弓状), 而是暖(冷)平流和辐合(散) 两种运动相结合的风场(称之为复合风场)所产生的多普勒速度特征.应用天津塘沽新一代天气雷达资料,并结合自动气象站资料和改进的EVAD 技术,分析2005年8月16日发生在海河流域的一次大范围、长时间的强降雨天气过程的多普勒天气雷达资料.结果表明:(1)当低层出现暖平流和辐合运动相结合的复合风场特征时,即多普勒天气雷达速度场产品表现为自雷达中心开始,在同一距离圈上,一侧的零速度线弯向正速度区的顺转程度明显大于另一侧的零速度线弯向负速度区的顺转程度,即负速度区面积大于正速度区的面积时,降水就增强或维持.(2)当低层出现暖平流和辐散运动相结合的复合风场特征时,对应降水减弱或停止.这种对雷达速度场的辐合辐散分析将对大范围强降水的形成、发展、维持和消散具有很好的临近预报指示作用.     

一次对流降水过程增雨催化时机的模拟分析和雷达识别

为加深对对流云增雨催化机制的理解,避免催化指标的随意性,通过三维积云数值模拟和雷达加密探测资料分析相结合的方法,对发生在湖北省西北部多山地区的一次对流降水过程进行了增雨催化时机的分析和识别.首先运用三维积云模式,通过催化模拟敏感试验,得出对流云增雨催化存在时间窗,最佳的催化时机应该为对流云发展的早期,催化后关键是增加雨和冰晶冻结后碰并霰增长这一冰相微物理过程的产量.根据模式分析结果,结合雷达观测资料分析,发现对流回波在生成及发展上表现出一些规律性,可以作为通过雷达观测识别增雨催化的时机和潜力区域的指标.     

2007年7月皖苏北部龙卷风初步分析

2007年7月3日0840-1000(UTC)先后在安徽天长-江苏高邮和江苏兴化等局部地区发生了多个龙卷风,成为本年度的极端天气事件之一.利用高频次的FY-2C、2D等静止气象卫星资料、南京站多普勒天气雷达资料和常规天气资料对这次龙卷风天气系统的活动与演变进行了分析,得到以下认识:叠加在梅雨锋切变线上的高空短波槽线,及槽后强干冷空气平流与低空暖湿平流在垂直方向迭合,并与200hPa青藏高压东西向脊线北侧的辐散场重合,为强对流天气系统的发展提供了动力和热力条件;0400(UTC)之后,在鄂豫皖苏交界区形成了两条中尺度对流云带.一条是与梅雨锋切变线相对应的弱对流云带,另一条是位于其南面的在上述干冷空气前沿迅速发展的飑线云带.切变线弱对流云带整体缓慢向南移动,构成云带的对流云块沿着云带缓慢向东移动.强对流飑线云带则由西北西向东南东方向移动,构成飑线云带的强对流云团则沿着云带由西南西向东北东方向移动.龙卷风就发生在上述两条中尺度对流云带的云团相交合并处.     

奥运短时临近预报实时数据处理

详细分析了目前短时临近预报系统对自动气象站数据质量控制、探测数据更新频率、组网雷达时间同步观测与基数据实时传输、探测数据的实时传输技术、基于目录监控的数据监控与分发机制、基于开源的软件开发、数据格式等方面的需求.在此基础上,建立了北京奥运短时临近预报数据快速收集处理系统并已经投入业务运行,该系统实现了探测数据的实时传输、组网雷达时间同步观测和基数据实时传输、基于消息驱动的数据实时监控和分发、探测数据格式规范化等功能,基本满足北京2008年奥运短时临近预报系统的数据预处理业务需求.     

EXPERIMENTS TO TRACK STORMS USING MODERN OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHMS

Storm identification and tracking based on weather radar data are essential to nowcasting and severe weather warning. A new two-dimensional storm identification method simultaneously seeking in two directions is proposed, and identification results are used to discuss storm tracking algorithms. Three modern optimization algorithms (simulated annealing algorithm, genetic algorithm and ant colony algorithm) are tested to match storms in successive time intervals. Preliminary results indicate that the simulated annealing algorithm and ant colony algorithm are effective and have intuitionally adjustable parameters, whereas the genetic algorithm is unsatisfactorily constrained by the mode of genetic operations. Experiments provide not only the feasibility and characteristics of storm tracking with modern optimization algorithms, but also references for studies and applications in relevant fields.     

张掖国家气候观象台常规气象资料检验分析

选取2007年建成的张掖国家气候观象台梯度塔2007年9月至2008年8月5层风速、温度、湿度和水汽压观测资料,统计了这段时期内资料的缺测率,分析了张掖地区不同季节的气候要素变化特征,通过与其他观测台站资料比较,验证了资料的可靠性。